Problems by Farmers and Immigrants in 1800s - 861 Words

History Essay 11/3/09 There were many problems faced by both farmers and immigrants in the late 1800’s. The economy was very shaky, the government was not stepping up to help, and the immigrants faced harsh times in their coming to America. Eventually many groups were formed to help with these issues. Farmers faced many issues in the 1800’s. First off, debt was a huge issue for farmers. Falling crop prices, unpaid loans, and crashing banks all led to the huge debt of farmers. Because the crop prices were falling in the horrible economy loans could not be paid back, unemployment soared, and businesses went under. There was also the tariff issue. Tariffs on imported goods were discouraging people to buy these products. They raised†¦show more content†¦The government did try to help out though, with the Texas Seed Bill: providing seed grain to drought victims. They also tried the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the prices of shipping through railroads, basing the cost in proportio n to the distance traveled. Many groups were developed to help with these issues. The Grange developed by Oliver H Kelley to help farmers form cooperatives to buy large quantitiesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Immigration to America in the Early 1900s927 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Early 1900s In the eyes of the early American colonists and the founders of the Constitution, the United States was to represent the ideals of acceptance and tolerance to those of all walks of life. When the immigration rush began in the mid-1800s, America proved to be everything but that. The millions of immigrants would soon realize the meaning of hardship and rejection as newcomers, as they attempted to assimilate into American culture. For countless immigrants, the struggle toRead MoreIndustrialization Essay526 Words   |  3 Pagesof the nineteenth century. With most of the century consisting of farmers and smaller towns and country-like living, the later parts of the century brought industrialization and businesses. This changes forced Americans to view and live life differently. Of the important elements that influenced America in the nineteenth century, industrialization and immigration are the most significant. Industry flourished in the 1800s causing changes to Americas every aspect of life. Manufacturing alsoRead MoreApush Sectionalism770 Words   |  4 Pagestransportation †¢ Plentiful manufacturing labor from immigration †¢ Economy based on commercial agriculture and manufacturing †¢ Highest population of the three regions †¢ Urban population o Grew from 5% of the population in 1800 to 15% of the economy in 1850 o Rapid urban growth led to: slums, poor sanitation, disease and crime †¢ African Americans o 1% of the total northeast population o African Americans in the northeast made up 50% of freeRead MoreThe Populists and Progressives1137 Words   |  5 Pagesand powerless, for the Populists it was farmers and for the Progressives it was urban lower and middle class workers. These two movements attempted to bring the powerless peoples issues to national politics. The Populists and Progressives wanted to preserve some American ideals of the past, such as a sense of community and the ability for farmers and workers to live happily without economic strains. Populists were more oriented to the plight of the farmer while the Progressives included womens rightsRead MoreEssay On Urbanization In The Gilded Age1530 Words   |  7 PagesUrbanization in America was driven by the massive unskilled immigrants who wanted jobs and an opportunity to start their new life in a country known to most as â€Å"The land of opportunity†. Urbanization have made many changes to America. The cities have become a place to look f or opportunities and a popular place to migrate for work either for the people from the rural area or immigrants from outside the county. Which will then lead to political issues and finally the restriction of immigration itselfRead MoreThe Market Revolution Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pageshis invention for their own benefits. Because of the large success of his innovations, Eli Whitney was a very important figure of the Market Revolution. Richard Fulton’s invention of the steamboat revolutionized water travel in the early 1800’s. Steamboats were able to travel up and downstream requiring little or no effort from those onboard. Mariners could leave port any time because they did not have to rely on winds to get them to their destination. Shipping was much cheaper and easierRead MoreDrug Usage In America Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesUsage in America America has a problem with drugs. In order to understand the problem, we first need to understand what is considered a drug. It is â€Å"any ingestible substance that has a noticeable effect on the mind or body†. (Schmalleger, 2011) Drugs are used for medicinal as well as recreational purposes. Unfortunately both types of drugs have played a role in American culture. History of Drug Use Drugs have been part of the American culture as far back as the 1800’s. Using drugs for medicinal purposesRead MoreNative Immigrants And The United States957 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia During the late 1800’s to mid-1900’s was extremely unwelcoming to many of the immigrants including: Japanese, Chinese, Latinos and many other immigrant groups. Early Japanese immigration started around the 1880’s with the Chinese immigrants working in the railroad construction and as contract laborers in the fields. Throughout history many immigrants that migrated to the United States have been the feared by many native born citizens as being a threat to the American Culture and many availableRead MoreThe Age Of The Civil War1592 Words   |  7 Pagesand immigration. There were various types of races, ethnicities, and nationalities all in one geographical area. There were pros and there were cons during this time in America. The cons seemed to outweigh the pros; racis m, wars, and other societal problems became major issues within North America. 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The Music Guide Database The All Music Guide Database

The All Music guide database was more focused on overview look at Cash’s life before and during his career and how his music career progressed from start to finish with the success of his music on the charts being the primary focus. The main feature of this database is to give a timeline of all Cash’s music and how he developed from his first record label till his last one and the success of them. This source gives the history of the success not the meaning or a more in depth look at the music he played, inspirations and style of it. For this biography, I would think that someone who is deeply interested in the way that the artist got his start in music and the rise and fall of an artist, Cash in particular. I like the overview of his†¦show more content†¦It walks you through his rise and his inventible fall from success in the way it happened and what happened. The Wikipedia entry about Johnny Cash compared to the first two databases is the one I would go to i f I had already visited the previous. Though it does talk more about his personal life outside of his music career it still has bits of information that describes his music career that was put more on the back burner. One of the main reasons that I go to this site after the fact is that the way that the site tells his story is broken down into different points about him so you read about his life but it is out of order and harder to follow. This site could be useful if you wanted a overview about his life but if you wanted to know more about his music you would have to go else where to find out more information. People who just want a taste of the artist would use this or those who want to read about his story without going to deep into it. I would say this is a more of an historical account of his life and should be viewed as such. The last site is Johnny Cash’s dedicated site â€Å"johnnycash.com†. This website lets fans view his life but if he was alive today it wou ld be a useful site to show his touring schedule and to find merchandise to support him. The biography that is on the website is short but it contains the general information that Wikipedia has but in chronological order. The site is put togetherShow MoreRelatedEssay on Theories addressing learning styles1525 Words   |  7 Pageschildren benefit through visual aids, but also in a music classroom. Amy Casey, a former elementary teacher in the Kansas City school district said, â€Å"My experiences in my own classroom have proven that integrating technology into the music curriculum entices students to actively engage in learning† (2005). Setting up music centers in a classroom allows students to learn to use technology in various ways. 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Phonetics and Phonology Free Essays

string(93) " the low front vowel /\? /| | | | |for the central schwa /\? in the second| | | | |syllable\." REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGOGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGOGICO DE CARACAS CATEDRA DE FONETICA Y FONOLOGIA ASIGNATURA: FONETICA Y FONOLOGIA II AN ANALYSIS OF A SPEECH SAMPLE IN WHICH UNDERLIE A VARIETY OF ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS Authors: Aymara Villasmil Daniel Rodriguez CARACAS, FEBRERO DE 2011 INTRODUCTION Throughout the years, a variety of famous linguists have made an attempt to define the difficult question of what language is. For instance, Halliday (1973) affirms that language is an instrument of communication among members of a social group. In relation to this, Gimson (1962) states that a language is a system of conventional signals used for a communication by a whole community. We will write a custom essay sample on Phonetics and Phonology or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, Whitman (1975) when trying to describe the concept of language establishes a particular connection between the use of language and the mental processes speaker experiences. He states that language, far from being independent of the mind, was so inextricably tied to the mind that the study of language was virtually the study of human mind. These different assumptions of what language is impel us, as future EFL teachers, to recognize the enormous responsibility teaching English as a foreign language involves. Due to the fact that we will necessarily have to handle several definitions of what language is and its components (syntax, grammar, phonetics and phonology, semantics,†¦) in order to help students realize the variety of elements they use when communicating with others. For instance, when teaching our students a language level such as phonetics and phonology, which primary involves pronunciation we have to make them aware that it is not only a matter of pronouncing sounds in isolation, but that these sounds are part of a communicative system the use in daily life. In relation to this, Strickland ( U. D ) states that learning a language, whether it is the mother tongue or a foreign one, is learning a system of sounds and their arrangements in words and patterns of organization together with the concepts the words and patterns represent. The following written work has as a primary proposal, the analysis of a speech sample recorded from a beginner speaker of English language who read a four – paragraph newspaper article in which the following vocalic sounds were immersed: mid – low back /? /, low front /? / , mid -high back / /, mid – high front /? / . Through the record we will be analyzing the substitution the speaker made or not of any of the four vocalic sounds mentioned before. We will be explaining why the speaker made that substitution, which factors influenced in the substitution and finally, we will be giving a variety of suggestions / recommendations for the appropriated production of vowel sounds of English and the rest of the inventory sounds. General Objective ? To explain the transference the speaker makes when pronouncing the English vowels which do not belong / exist to Spanish inventory sounds. Specific Objectives ? To demonstrate the articulatory features that influence the speaker when pronouncing English vowel sounds. To establish different factors that affect the Speaker when pronouncing English vowels. ? To provide students accurate and useful pronunciation techniques that will make them improve their pronunciation of English. ONE of the few surprises at the Golden Globes two weeks ago — you’ll be forgiven if you’ve already forgotten about that odd little broadcast — was the award given to â€Å"Carlos,† t he French director Olivier Assayas’s five-hour-plus reconstruction of the life and career of the notorious terrorist of the 1970s and ’80s Carlos the Jackal. The award represented a high point of cosmopolitanism at a predictably parochial event: 11 languages spoken on screen; dozens of locations across Europe and the Middle East; a polyglot cast led by a Venezuelan star, Edgar Ramirez, who has the potential to become an international sex symbol. What more could you want from a foreign film? /w? n ? v fju s? rprajz? z ? t gold? n globz tu wiks ? go ju ll bi f? rg? v? n ? f ju vealready f? rg? t? n ? bawt t ? d l? t? l br? dk? st w? z ?w? rd g? v? n tu k? rlos, fr? nt? d? r? kt? r ol? vie assayas sfive- aw? r- pl? s rik? nstr? k n ? lajf ? nd k? r? r ? v not? ri? s t? r? r? st ? v 1970s ? nd 80s k? rlos d k? l. ?w? rd r? pr? z? nt? d ? haj p? jnt ? v cosmopolitanism ? t ? pr? d? kt? bli p? roki? l ? v? nt: 11 l gw? d z spok? n ? n skrin; d? z? nz ? v loke nz ? kr? s j? r? p ? nd m? d? l ist; ? p? liglat k? st l? d baj ? v? n? zwel? n st? r, dgar r? m, rezwho h? z p? t? n l tu b? k? m ? n ? nt? rn n? l s? ks s? mb? l. w? t m? r k? d ju w? nt fr? m ? f? r? n f? lm/ |Phonetic Transcription |Well pronounced |mispronounced |Segment used for substitution | |/? / | | | | |/? f/ | | |Substitution of the mid-high front | | | | |vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ | |/ t/ | | | | |/l? t? l/ | | | | |/br? k? st/ | | |Back closing diphthong /ou/ instead of | | | | |the mid low back /? / in the first | | | | |syllable. You read "Phonetics and Phonology" in category "Essay examples" | |/br? dk? st/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the central schwa /? in the second| | | | |syllable. | |/g? v? n/ | | | | |/ol? vie/ | | | | |/? nd/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the central schwa /? in the second| | | | |syllable. | |/k? r? r/ | | | | |/t? r? r? st/ | | |Substitution of the Mid- high front | | | | |vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ | |/sev? nt? / | | |Deletion of the mid-high back vowel. |/? nd/ | | | | |/e? t? / | | |Deletion of the mid-high back vowel. | |/d k? l/ | | | | |/? t/ | | | | | | | | | |/pr? ? kt? b? l/ | | |Substitution o the Mid- high front | | | | |vowel /I/ for the mid front in the | | | | |first syllable and substitution of Mid-| | | | |high front vowel /I/ for the Spanish | | | | |/i/ in the second syllable. |/? v? nt | | | | |/l gw? d z/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the central /? / in the first | | | | |syllable. | |/? kr? s/ | | |Substitution of the mid-low back /? , | | | | |for the Spanish /o/ | |/? nd/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the central schwa /? / in the second| | | | |syllable. | |/m? d? / | | |Substitution of the Mid- high front | | | | |vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ | |/k? st/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the Mid-low back /? / | |/r? mirez/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? | | | | |for the central Schwa /? / | |/h? z/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the Mid-low back /? / | |/b? k? m/ | | | | |/? n/ | | | Substitution of the low front vowel /? | | | | |for the central Schwa /? / | |/? nt? rn n? l/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? /| | | | |for the central Schwa /? / | |/? nt? rn n? l/ | | | | |/s? mb? l/ | | | | |/k? / | | | | |/f? lm/ | | | | Except that â€Å"Carlos† was not nominated for the Golden Globe in that category (the winner was â€Å"In a Better World,† from Denmark): it was made for, and first shown on, French television, a fact that also rendered it ineligible for consideration — as a foreign-language or any other kind of film — by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which announced its nominees last Tuesday. Mr. Assayas’s dark-horse victory at the Globes was for best miniseries or motion picture made for television. Fair enough, given its origins. Then again, â€Å"Carlos† has encountered its American audience in the way more and more foreign films do these days: on a handful of movie screens in big cities, and on cable and video-on-demand. So its exclusion from the Oscars seems somewhat arbitrary. /? ks? pt t k? rlos w? z n? t n? m? net? d f? r gold? n glob ? n t k? t? g? ri ( w? n? r w? z ? n ? b? t? r w? rld, fr? m d? nm? rk): ? t w? z med f? r, ? nd f? rst ? on ? n, fr? nt? t? l? v n, ? f? kt t ? so r? nd? rd ? t ? n? l? d b? l f? r k? ns? d? re n ? z ? f? r? n- l gw? d? ?r ? ni r kajnd ? v f? lm baj ?k? d? mi ? v mo n p? kt r ? rts ? nd saj? ns? z, w? t? ?nawnst ? ts n? m? niz l? st tuzdi. m? st? r. assayas sdark- h? rs v? kt? ri ? t globz w? z f? r b? st m? nisiriz ? r mo n p? kt r med f? r t? l? v n. f? r ? n? f, g? v? n ? ts ? r? d nz. n ? g? n, k? rlos h? z ? nkawnt? rd ? ts ? m? r? k? n ? di? ns ? n we m? r ? nd m? r f? r? n f? lmz du ? iz dez: ? n ? h? ndf? l ? v muvi skrinz ? n b? g s? tiz, ? nd ? n keb? l ? nd v? dio- ? n- d? m? nd. so ? ts ? ksklu n fr? m sk? rz simz s? mw? t ? rb? tr? ri/ |Phonetic Transcription |Well pronounced |mispronounced |Segment used for substitution | |/? ks? pt/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the mid front /e/ | |/ t/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the Mid-low back /? | |/? n/ | | | | |/ t/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/k? t? g? ri/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the Mid-low back /? | |/w? n? r/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/? n/ | | | | |/? t/ | | | | |/? nd/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/t? l? v n/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the hig hest front /i/ | |/f? kt/ | | | | |/ t/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/? t/ | | | | |/? n? l? d b? l/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ in the second | | | | |syllable. | |/k? ns? d? re / | | | | |/? z/ | | | | |/l gw? d? / | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the mid-front /e/ | |/en? / | | | | |/f? m/ | | | | |/? k? d? mi/ | | | | |/p? kt r/ | | | | |/? nd/ | | | | |/w? t? / | | | | |/? s/ | | | | |/l? st/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the Mid-low back /? / | |/m? st? r/ | | | | |/v? kt? ri/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/? t/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/m? st? r? z/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/p? kt / | | | | |/t? l? v n/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/g? v? n/ | | | | |/? ts/ | | | | |/? ? d nz/ | | |Substitution of schwa /? / for the highest | | | | |front vowel /i/ in the second syllable, | | | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ in the third | | | | |syllable. | |/h? / | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/? ts/ | | | | |/? n/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/? d/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/f? lmz/ | | | | |/h? ndf? l/ | | | | |/h? ndf? l/ | | | | |/? / | | | | |/b? g/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/s? tiz/ | | |Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/? d/ | | | | |/v? dio/ | | | | |/d? m? nd/ | | | | |/d? m? nd/ | | | | |? s | | | | |? ksklu n | | | | |? sk? rz | | |Substitution of the mid low back /? /, for | | | | |t he Spanish /o/ | But so does everything else about the way the Academy deals with movies from the rest of the world. An elaborate and mysterious winnowing process pares down the thousands of potential nominees to five. This year they are â€Å"Dogtooth† from Greece, â€Å"Incendies† from Canada, â€Å"Biutiful† from Mexico, â€Å"Outside the Law† from Algeria and â€Å"In a Better World,† which might be considered the front-runner if you take the Globes as an omen. /b? t so d? z ? vri ?ls ? bawt we ?k? d? mi dilz w muviz fr? m r? st ? v w? rld. ?n ? l? br? t ? nd m? st? ri? w? no pr? s? s p? rz dawn ?awz? ndz ? v p? t? n l n? m? niz tu fajv. s j? r ? e ? r dogtooth fr? m gris, incendies fr? m k? n? d? , biutiful fr? m m? ks? ko, awtsajd l? fr? m ? ld ri? ?nd ? n ? b? t? r w? rld, w? t? majt bi k? ns? d? rd fr? nt- r? n? r ? f ju tek globz ? z ? n om? n/ |Phonetic Transcription |Well pronounced |mispronounced |Segment used for substitution | |/? vri / | | | | |/? k? d? i/ | | | | |/w / | | | | |/? n/ | | | | |/? l? br? t/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? | |/? nd/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? / | |/m? st? r? z/ | | |Substitution of mid high front /I/ for the | | | | |mid-front /e/ in the second syllable. | |/w? no | | | | |/ s/ | | |Replacement of the mid high front /I/ for | | | | |the highest front /i/ | |/j? r/ | | | | |/k? n? d? / | | |The speaker did not produce de vowel sound. |/? ld ri? / | | |Substitution of mid high front /I/ for the | | | | |mid-front /e/ in the second syllable. | |/? ld ri? / | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the Mid-low back /? / in the first syllable | |/? n/ | | | | |/w? ? / | | | | |/k? ns? d? rd/ | | | | |/? f/ | | | | |/? z/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schwa /? | |/? n/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for| | | | |the central Schw a /? / | â€Å"Dogtooth† came and went on a few American screens last spring, and â€Å"Outside the Law† had a brief run in December (and may return shortly); only â€Å"Biutiful,† whose globally famous star, Javier Bardem, was nominated for best actor, is likely to be playing now at a theater near you. The others will be released in the late winter or early spring, in the hopes of realizing some kind of box office bounce. The usual pre-nomination handicapping — the canvassing of critical opinion and the weighing of popular sentiment — does not apply to these movies, which might in principle make the choices less compromised, but in practice only serves to make them more confusing. dogtooth kem ? nd w? nt ? n ? fju ? m? r? k? n skrinz l? st spr , ? nd awtsajd l? h? d ? brif r? n ? n d? s? mb? r ( ? nd me r? t? rn rtli); onli biutiful, huz glob? i fem? s st? r, h? vi? r bardem, w? z n? m? net? d f? r b? st ? kt? r, ? z lajkli tu bi ple naw ? t ? ?i? t? r n? r ju. rz w? l bi rilist ? n let w? nt? r ? r ? rli spr , ? n hops ? v ril? jz s? m kajnd ? v b? ks ? f? s bawns. ju w? l pri- n? m? ne n h? ndik? p k? nv? s ?v kr? t? k? l ? p? nj? n ? nd we ?v p? pj? l? r s? nt? m? nt d? z n? t ? plaj tu ? iz muviz, w? t? majt ? n pr? ns? p? l mek t js? z l? s k? mpr? m? j zd, b? t ? n pr? kt? s onli s? rvz tu mek m m? r k? nfjuz / Phonetic Transcription |Well pronounced |mispronounced |Segment used for substitution | |/? nd/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel| | | | |/? / for the central Schwa /? / | |/l? st/ | | |Substitution of the low front vowel| | | | |/? for the low-back. | |/spr / | | | | |/? nd/ | | | | |/h? d/ | | | | |/? n/ | | | | |/? d/ | | | | |/? kt? r/ | | | | |/? z/ | | | | |/ple / | | | | |/? t/ | | | | |/n? / | | |Substitution of the mid-high back | | | | |vowel /I/ for the central diphthong| | | | |/I? / | |/w? l/ | | |Substitution of the mid-high back | | | | |vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ | |/? / | | | | |/w? nt? r/ | | | | |/spr / | | | | |/? n/ | | | | |/ril? jz / | | | | |/? ? s/ | | |Substitution of the mid low back | | | | |/? /, for the Spanish /o/ | |/h? ndik? p / | | |Substitution of the mid-high back | | | | |vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ | |/h? ndik? p | | | | |/k? nv? s / | | | | |/k? nv? s / | | |Substitution o f the mid-high back | | | | |vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ | |/kr? t? k? l/ | | | | |/? p? j? n/ | | | | |/? nd/ | | | | |/we / | | | | |/w? t? / | | | | |/? n/ | | | | |/pr? s? p? l/ | | | | |/? n/ | | | | |/pr? kt? s/ | | | | |/k? nfjuz / | | | | METHODOLOGY An IPC student from the Second semester was selected for the recording of the speech sample which was one of the main concerns of this investigation. The recording was made on February 9th in a classroom of the IPC. The electronic device used was a low quality cell phone whose recording application allowed us to record the student’s speech and then, through USB connection, transferred the audio to the PC and copied the data in a CD-ROM. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS †¢ CHART N? 1 Production of the vowel sound mid – low back /? / in a text read by a student of the second semester at the IPC. | |Pronunciation | | |Sound | | | | | |Substitution | | |Well – Pronounced | | | | | |Mispronounced | | | | | |Substitution of the mid | |/? |0 |4 |low back /? /, for the | | |0% |100 % |Spanish /o/ in most of | | | | |the cases. | †¢ For the vowel sound low front /? / (fifty – three times). †¢ For the vowel sound mid -high back /? / (two – times). â⠂¬ ¢ For the vowel sound mid – high front /? / (eighty – two times). †¢ For the vowel sound mid-low back /? / ( four times) Sound |Right |Wrong |Substitution | | |2 |0 | | |/? / |100% |0% |None | |Sound |Right |Wrong |Substitution | | |57 |24 | | |/? |70% |30% |In most of the cases, | | | | |replacement of the mid high | | | | |front /I/ for the highest | | | | |front /i/ | Sound |Right |Wrong |Substitution | | |22 |31 | | |/? / |42% |58% |In most of the cases, | | | | |Substitution of the low front| | | | |vowel /? for the central | | | | |Schwa /? / | 1- The speaker’s most troublesome sound was the mid – low back vowel of English /? /, although its incidence in the whole article was very low, only four times. Nevertheless, the student substituted the English sound /? / whose lip- position is similar to the one of Spanish / o /, that is, slightly rounded. 2- After the mid-low back vowel, the most troublesome sound was the low front vowel /? /, due t o the fact that the speaker substituted this sound /? / in most of the cases for schwa /? or Mid-low back /? /, in which the lips are slightly spread and the vowels for the substitution are lax (/? /) and tense (/? /) respectively. Some aspects that may cause trouble for the speaker is the word spelling, because sometimes they tend to get confused or doubtful when pronouncing a word, in the moment they see a difficult or uncommon spelling. RECOMMENDATIONS In order to facilitate our labor as future English teachers and to encourage our students to learn the language while developing effective skills, being speaking our main concern, the researchers selected a series of educational techniques: ? Readings As future EFL teachers we have to expose our students to English language through â€Å"readings† in which students will find a visual stage (graphemes) and an auditory one (phonemes). Students will read aloud pieces of writings made by them or any selected reading material made by the teacher such as, short stories A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, To Build a fire by Jack London, or any play such as: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Students will read or hear structures like: pot – stop, tip – sleep, car – bad and the will also be aware of the likenesses or differences among vocalic sounds immersed in the readings. Dictation EFL teachers must develop listening skill, so as a speaking one, in their students and this can be done through the appropriate use of dictation as a useful and realistic technique that will allow students to receive a phonic background and then to analyze the spelling data involved, that is, graphemes. The most important part of this method is that students will be able to create the pieces of writings that will be read by the teacher or among the classmates and whose content will be according to their interests and experiences, so student? creative expression will also be taken into account as essential part of the learning process. ? Poetry According to Stuckland (1962) students like poetry first for its singing quality, for its rhyme, rhythm and all that goes into the melody of verse. That is, the enjoyable environment poetry creates when students interpret its content. Suggested poems will be: Hickory, Dickory, Dock by William Wallace Denslow in whose content are presented a variety of vowel sounds. CONCLUSIONS In order to make our students aware of the different vowels in English, we as English teachers, have to clarify and exemplify several exercises for them, to make a distinction in pronunciation patterns of the sounds they can find more troublesome in English. We can write similar words in the board and provide a distinction of sounds to differentiate them, so students could see the pronunciation if we would practice with them the distinction and very essential, the spelling patterns for the English vowel productions and examples with these. Furthermore, if we teach these spelling patterns criteria and we practice the pronunciation of these difficult vowels for our students, they will assimilate and acquire a better understanding, specifically if we focus our attention on these vowels /? / and /? /. As another useful activity, we can encourage our students to produce the different vowels of English by different techniques, and be aware of common mistakes in the utterance of the mid-low back and /? / and the low front /? /. Regarding this, we can explain our students different techniques to practice in the classroom, such as reading activities, dictations, spelling patterns, pronunciation differences and others. Finally, we as EFL teachers have to be more sensible while listening to our student? s vowel production and when they find it difficult to make a distinction between the vowel systems of English and Spanish, and we can provide them with a comparison and contrast pattern, in order to provide them with the comprehension and accurate distinction between these systems, making their pronunciation more accurate. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES SAPIR, EDWARD  (1921)  Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt Brace and Company, Orlando, Florida. STRICKLAND, RUTH (1969) The language arts. D. C Health and Company. Lexington, Massachusetts. A. C,GIMSON (1962) An introduction to the pronunciation of English. Reader in Phonetics, University College, London. A. C,GIMSON (1975) A practical Course of English Pronunciation, a perceptual approach. Edward Arnold Publishers, 25 Hill Street, London. ———————– Professor: Viktor Carrasquero Hickory, dickory, dock The mouse ran up the clock The clock struck one, The mouse ran down, Hickory, dickory, dock How to cite Phonetics and Phonology, Essay examples

Indigenous Community And Rest Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Indigenous Community And Rest Australia? Answer: Introducation Before European colonisation, there were individuals who moved out from the groups of individuals who lived in Australia and the neighbouring islands; they are commonly known as Indigenous Australians. However, they are not a single group but large number of people with diverse culture, opinion and values. Torres Strait Islanders who originated from Torres Strait Island, part of Queensland and Aboriginal people who originated from almost all of the rest parts of Australia are the two separate groups who are referred as Indigenous Australians. Some of over 700 languages spoken by Australian at the time of colonization are even now spoken by these groups. Owing to recurring climatic changes indigenous people lived a nomadic life before the advent of Europeans and did not stay at a particular place for a long time. In order to have regular supply of food, they administered frail surroundings cautiously. In todays scenario most of aboriginals resides in towns, cities and suburbs in vulnerable circumstances. Due to pilfering of their land, lot of indigenous people are employed in livestock ranches. However, several of them continue to hunt and reside on their terrain. Following incursion by the Britishers, most of their land was taken over (Survival. 2016) which adversely affected them physically and mentally and caused several diseases which in turn reduced their population. In this discussion, we will take mental health issues, depression and smoking into consideration and how they adversely affect Indigenous Australians more than non-Indigenous people. Profile Of The Community Presently, Indigenous community accounts for around 3 percent of total Australian inhabitants (Discover Stories. 2015). They not only reside in suburbs but also in main towns and cities; almost 208,500 indigenous people are in New South Wales making it the largest state with such people and maximum ratio which is 30 percent in North Territory. However, 744,956 of these inhabitants are projected to be residing in Australia as per data collected from 2011 consensus. The Indigenous population comprises more of young people than old ones as compared to non-indigenous people. It is anticipated that in the year 2006, age of partial non Indigenous inhabitants were 37 years or fewer which was 21years or fewer in case of indigenous inhabitants (Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010). Also, in the year 2011, 90% of Aboriginals, 6% of Torres Strait Islander and 4% of both Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander together were recognized as Indigenous individuals. The above figure clearly shows percentage of population with respect to each age group. Indigenous population more concentrated in lower age groups with the percentage of non-indigenous population scattered through different age groups. Moving forward, if we take into consideration births and deaths of these people as compared to other Australians, there is a great disparity. Non Australians females had 1.8 births in their lifespan which was around 2.3 births in the lifespan of indigenous females, as estimated in the year 2015 with total births of approximately 18,537 and total deaths estimated to be 3,088. It is also projected that the male population born in the year 2010-2012 of such people are possible to live around 69 years which is around 10 years younger than the other Australian population and amongst the females the age expected is 74 years which is 83 for other Australian females. Indigenous operational age people engaged in labour power accounted for 56% as per census date 9th August 2011; still 17.2% which was one out of every six of them were out of work (Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2013). These particular figures were adverse as compared to non Indigenous ones. Unemployment rate amongst them is over three times greater than rest of the Australians. More of young age groups accounts for the working population amongst them. Also, there is a disparity amongst their men and women as far as unemployment is concerned. Globally, Indigenous culture is considered as the ancient existing culture. Their culture is diversified with people communicating in several dissimilar languages. They have distinctive artistic capabilities and their work particularly modern art is well known worldwide. However, due to ecological changes, its culture has changed and evolved through these years. However, the overall health of Indigenous people depends on the environment in which they reside which comprises of factors such as pollution control, water supply, healthy food, sufficient infrastructure etc. Huge discrimination is faced by Indigenous people as far as these factors and their health is concerned. Poor infrastructure and disparate admittance to hospitals are the main reasons for heath disparity between Indigenous and non Indigenous Australians (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). Health Of The Community-Definition The main issue of the discussion is the health disparity and causes of the same between Indigenous and the other communities in Australia. Health of the said community is the communal, psychological and literary safety rather than only the corporal wellbeing of individuals. It is the safety, honesty and synchronization of a person as well as the society. The difference between the health condition of Indigenous and rest of community also depends on factors that affect social structure such as education, basis of earnings, the amount of earnings etc. Indigenous people are not provided equivalent prospect to be healthy as compared to others. As far as continuing proceedings like life expectation is concerned, no development on such issue has been taken. Thus, being secluded from conventional services and lesser admission to health services and pitiable infrastructure are the major reasons of disparities between the communities. Health Indicators In this particular discussion, we will consider mental health , depression and smoking as the health indicators affecting the Indigenous community and how these indicators more adversely affects them as compared to the other communities. Indigenous are more likely to suffer from mental agony owing to social and monetary inequitable conditions. Mental illness is defined as a substantial emotional disorder which affects a person and causes major pain. According to a survey conducted on youngsters mental health is amongst top three problems faced in the country in past 15 years wherein cultural inequity is faced by one out of five teenage Indigenous people and prejudice is faced by one out of seven teenage females (Knaus. 2016). As per report issued in the year 2014, there has been a striking rise in mental ailment, anxiety and depression amongst young Indigenous criminals and perinatal psychological issues in females (Korff. 2017). Indigenous Australians were expected to be suffering and hospitalized two times more from psychological and behavioural ailment than others in the year 2003-04. Depression mainly affects individuals suffering from psychological strain. It is estimated in the past 15years around 33% of the said population experienced huge level of mental stress and affected more females than males. Reports also show that young Indigenous people which are approximately 26% are more prone to be affected by dementia as compared to rest of the community. Another mental issue wherein an individual fails to differentiate between actual and imaginary, suffers from hallucinations is categorized as Schizophrenia. Indigenous community is more likely to suffer from the said mental ailment. Smoking is the major reason of persistent diseases amongst Indigenous Australia. Not only men but over half of females are addicted to smoking in the said community. While there has been decrease in the overall smoking rates in Australia, Indigenous people smoking rates are still higher ranging between 43% to 54% (Kroff. 2016). There are several causes of the widespread extent of mental illness, depression and smoking amongst the said community. Because of the disownment of land at the time of the incursion and diverse cultural differences, Indigenous community majorly suffers from extreme sorrow and failure unlike the rest of the community. There has been a measure taken by the government for the continual taking away of children which increases psychological pressure amongst them. Since the said community has been suffering from mental trauma, depression and other mental disorders are more likely to develop and be passed on to the future generation which is unlikely in case of othe r communities. There has been huge incidence of cultural discrimination against the said community which adversely affects their emotional wellbeing. With very less employment opportunities, they are constantly stressed about their monetary stability. Out of all Indigenous Australians, 23 % are believed to be suffering from both mental as well as physical illness. Thus, pitiable physical health automatically increases the stress an individual face which is not the case of rest of the community. Unawareness of the possible impact of smoking and lack of education accounts for increased smoking rates. Also, huge number of Indigenous people are in prison and faces violence there as well as on domestic front accounting for increase in depression and other mental diseases. Conclusion At the end, we conclude that there is a vast inequality amongst Indigenous Australians and the rest of the community as far as health is concerned. In this discussion we particularly took mental illness, depression and smoking to explain such disparity. However, not only these but there are great disparities faced by the said community as far as other major health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases etc are concerned. It is clear from the above discussion that Indigenous Australians are treated differently from other Australians. The infant mortality rate is also higher in case of Indigenous population in Australia. Deterioration of their health started with the colonization which caused several diseases like typhoid, influenza etc. There were more adverse affects in terms of destitution and racial discrimination which triggered more deterioration. Racism is considered as one of the major cause of depression. Loss of their own property and neglect has further aggravated their health issues. Moving forward, as discussed above with an increased unemployment rates amongst young Indigenous people it in turn increased mental unrest amongst them. There are a number of socio economic inequalities in factors that affects their health. The affect of such factors are comparatively lasting. These factors not only cause mental disorders but have an adverse impact on their circulatory, immunity and hormonal functions. Lack of education reduces their potential to use health care services. Also, with low earnings they cannot afford proper health services. Indigenous Australians also has poor and congested housing infrastructure which causes contagious diseases. These problems are not faced by non-Indigenous ones. It is estimated that the main cause of major diseases amongst Indigenous people is smoking in the year 2011(Australian Indigenous HealthInfo Net. 2016). Ignorance amongst people about impact of smoking on their health is the major reason of increased rates. Getting earnings in tobacco instead of cash aggravates the problem. With people living in congested houses, smoking affects children inertly. Increased smoking rates are majorly liable for increased inequity which is around 23% in health amongst the communities. Hence to summarize the above points, numerous factors are responsible for health disparity between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and rest of Australia and proper measures should be undertaken by individuals as well as the government to remove such gap. By providing proper health care services, proper employment opportunities and education, improving household as well as health care infrastructure, making people more aware of adverse affects of tobacco and dr ugs, removing racial discrimination and by giving ownership of land and proper guidance related to health can definitely reduce the gap between health disparity amongst the communities References: Survival (2016). Aboriginal people. Retrieved from https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/aboriginals Discover Stories. (2015). Who are Indigenous Australians?. Retrieved from https://www.australianstogether.org.au/stories/detail/who-are-indigenous-australians-4 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). 4713.0- Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006. Retrieved form https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4713.0Explanatory%20Notes12006?OpenDocument. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). 4102.0- Australian Social Trends, Nov 2013. Retrieved form https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Nov+2013#PARTICIPATIONANDUNEMPLOYMENT Australian Human Rights Commission (2007). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia- a human rights based approach. Retrieved from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/social-determinants-and-health-indigenous-peoples-australia-human-rights-based Korff (2017). Mental health and Aboriginal people. Retrieved from http https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/health/mental-health-and-aboriginal-people Korff (2016). Aboriginal smoking: a serious health problem. Retrieved from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/health/aboriginal-smoking-a-serious-health-problem Australian Indigenous Healthinfo Net (2016). Summary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. Retrieved from https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-facts/summary#population Knaus (2016). Mental health is one of main issues facing Australia, says youth survey. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/dec/05/mental-health-is-one-of-main-problems-facing-australia-says-youth-surve